UPSC Information|UPSC Syllabus and Eligibility Criteria|UPSC Notification

January 24, 2017

UPSC Syllabus

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In this article, you will get explained about UPSC syllabus and UPSC exam pattern. This post will cover subjects and schemes of the UPSC syllabus for the Civil Services Preliminary Examinations Syllabus and Civil Services Main Examinations Syllabus.

• UPSC Syllabus for Preliminary Examinations.

Preliminary Examinations consist of two papers and both of them are compulsory and each comprises of 200 marks.
-These two papers are termed as General Studies Paper-I and General Studies Paper-II.
-Both the question papers will be of multiple choice questions (objective type).This paper will be in two sets English and Hindi.
-Duration of each paper will be of two hours. In exceptional cases of the blind, disability, and cerebral palsy, you will get 20 minutes extra per hour in each paper.
-In Preliminary Examinations of General Studies Paper-II, you have to qualify the exam with minimum qualifying marks fixed at 33%.

>UPSC Syllabus for Preliminary Examination Paper I – (200 marks)

• Current affairs and current events of international and national importance.
• General science
• General issues on Climate Change, Environmental Ecology and Biodiversity (It don’t require subject specialization )
• Indian National Movement and History of India.
• World and Indian Geography- It contains Rights Issues, Physical Geography of India and the world, Economic Geography of India and the world, Social Geography of India and the world.
• Indian Polity and Governance – Constitution, Public Policy, Political System, Panchayati Raj, etc.
• Social Development and Economic – It contains Social Sector initiatives, Sustainable Development, Inclusion, Demographics, and Poverty etc.

>UPSC Syllabus for Preliminary Examination Paper II – (200 marks).Duration two hours.

• Problem-solving and Decision-making
• General mental ability
• Comprehension
• Data interpretation (charts, graphs, tables, data sufficiency etc. –Class X level), Basic numeracy (numbers and their relations, orders of magnitude, etc.) (Class X level). To download free NCERT Books from Class 5 to Class 12th Click here.
• Analytical ability and Logical reasoning.
• Interpersonal skills including communication skills

 UPSC Syllabus for Main Examinations

Your rank in UPSC CSE will only depend on Main Examinations and your Interview (Personality Test). Your UPSC CSE Main consists of 1750 marks and Interview (Personality Test) section consists of 275 marks.

Your UPSC syllabus for the main examination contains nine papers, but only seven papers are considered for final ranking. In the remaining two papers, you have to secure minimum marks which are declared by UPSC every year and

The main Exam of UPSC Civil Services is the totally written examination and it consists of following papers which are mentioned below.

• Two papers which only qualifying papers and not counted for your final ranking.

Paper-A

(You have to select any one Indian Language from the Languages included in the Eighth Schedule to the Indian Constitution). Total Marks 300.

Note: – If you belong to Sikkim, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Manipur, and Arunachal Pradesh, these papers are not necessary for you.

Paper-B

English language. Total Marks 300.

UPSC syllabus and papers which are counted for final merits.

PAPER	SUBJECT AND CONTENT	MARKS
Paper-I	Essay ( It Can be written in the medium or language of the candidate’s choice)	250
Paper-II	General Studies-I (Culture and Indian Heritage|History and Geography of the World and Society)	250
Paper- III	General Studies –II (Constitution| Governance| Social Justice| Polity| and International relations)	250
Paper-IV	General Studies –III (Economic Development| Technology| Environment| Biodiversity| Disaster Management and Security)	250
Paper-V	General Studies –IV (Aptitude| Integrity| and Ethics)	250
Paper-VI	Optional Subject – Paper 1	250
Paper-VII	Optional Subject – Paper 2	250

Sub Total (Written test)	1750 Marks
Personality Test	275 Marks
Grand Total	2025 Marks

 Important Note regarding UPSC syllabus:-

1. Your Paper A and Paper B which will be Indian languages and English paper respectively will be of matriculation level or equivalent standard to its level. Whatever marks you will obtain in this exam will not be counted for your ranking.
2. Evaluation of the papers, namely, ‘Essay’, General Studies and Optional Subject of all the candidates would be done simultaneously along with evaluation of their qualifying papers on ‘Indian Languages’ and ‘English’ but the papers on ‘Essay’, General Studies and Optional Subject of only such candidates will be taken cognizance who attain 25% marks in ‘Indian Language and 25% marks in English as minimum qualifying standards in these qualifying papers.
3. It is mandatory for you to appear in both the Papers of Civil Services (Prelim) Examination for the purpose of evaluation. You will be disqualified in case you did not appear in both the papers of Civil Services (Prelim) Examination.
   

   UPSC Syllabus for Interview test

• Qualified candidates from UPSC Main examination will be only eligible for interview test or personality test.
• You will be interviewed by Board members will have before them a record of your career. You will be asked questions on matters of general interest.
• The objective of this interview is to assess your personal suitability for your further career in public service. This test will judge your mental caliber.
• This interview test will reveal not only your intellectual qualities but also social traits and your interest in current affairs.
• Some of your qualities will be judged like intellectual and moral integrity, mental alertness, ability for social cohesion and leadership, critical powers of assimilation, balance of judgment, clear and logical exposition, variety and depth of interest.
• The technique of the interview is not that of a strict cross-examination but of a natural though directed and purposive conversation which is intended to reveal the mental qualities of the candidate.
• Your interview test is not intended to be a test either of the specialized or general knowledge which has been already tested through their written papers. You are expected to have taken an intelligent interest not only in your special subjects of academic study but also in the events which are happening around you both within and outside your own state or country as well as in modern currents of thought and in new discoveries which should rouse the curiosity of well-educated youth.

UPSC Syllabus for optional subjects PAPER-VI & PAPER VII

Optional Subject Papers I & II (Candidates may choose any optional subject from given list) Click on the name of the subject and have a view of contains in the particular subject.

OPTIONAL SUBJECTS	UPSC SYLLABUS FOR LITERATURE
AGRICULTURE (Anatomy| Pharmacology and Hygiene)	Assamese
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND VETERINARY SCIENCE	Bengali
ANTHROPOLOGY	Bodo
BOTANY	Dogri
CHEMISTRY	English
CIVIL ENGINEERING	Gujarati
COMMERCE AND ACCOUNTANCY	Hindi
ECONOMICS	Kannada
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING	Kashmiri
GEOGRAPHY	Konkani
GEOLOGY	Maithili
HISTORY	Malayalam
LAW	Manipuri
MANAGEMENT	Marathi
MATHEMATICS	Nepali
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING	Oriya
MEDICAL SCIENCE	Punjabi
PHILOSOPHY	Sanskrit
PHYSICS	Santhali
POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS	Sindhi
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION	Tamil
PSYCHOLOGY	Telugu
STATICS	Urdu and English.
SOCIOLOGY
ZOOLOGY

Towards an Asian century of prosperity - The Hindu

• EASING TENSION:Progress has been made in the negotiations on the
  boundary question, and the two sides have worked together to maintain
  peace and tranquillity in the border area.

 

 The combination of the world’s factory and the world’s back office
will producethe most competitive production base, writes Xi Jinping ,
President of China

My first visit to this ancient and magic land was 17
years ago, a time when the Indian economy was undergoing reform and
beginning to show new vitality in growth. The market was booming in
Mumbai, the economic centre. Bangalore was becoming increasingly famous
as India’s Silicon Valley. And Bollywood movies and yoga were popular
throughout the world. Its people were full of expectations and the
ancient civilisation was rejuvenated.

Now 17 years
later, I am about to once again visit India, an enchanting and beautiful
land that has captured world attention. India is an emerging economy
and a big developing country. It is Asia’s third largest economy and the
world’s second largest exporter of software and agriculture products. A
member of the United Nations, the G20, the BRICS and other
organisations, India is playing an increasingly important role in the
regional and international arena. The “Story of India” has spread far
and wide. With the new government coming into office, a new wave of
reform and development has been sweeping across India, greatly boosting
the confidence of the Indian people and attracting keen international
interest in its opportunities.

Progress in relations

Relations
between China and India have made significant progress in the new
century. The strategic and cooperative partnership for peace and
prosperity has been established. China has become India’s largest
trading partner, with their bilateral trade volume increasing from less
than US$3 billion early this century to nearly US$70 billion. Mutual
visits reached 8,20,000 last year. We have had close coordination and
cooperation on climate change, food security, energy security and other
global issues and upheld the common interests of our two countries as
well as the developing world as a whole. Progress has been made in the
negotiations on the boundary question, and the two sides have worked
together to maintain peace and tranquillity in the border area.
China-India relations have become one of the most dynamic and promising
bilateral relations in the 21st century.

Our
bilateral relations have reached where they are today as a result of the
following efforts: we have deepened mutual trust by strengthening
strategic dialogue and enhancing political confidence; we have brought
more benefits to each other by expanding the areas of cooperation and
making the pie of common interests bigger; we have forged closer
friendship by encouraging more people-to-people exchanges and cementing
popular support for our bilateral relations; and we have treated each
other with sincerity by respecting and accommodating each other’s
concerns and properly managing problems and differences.

Crucial stage of reform

Both
China and India are now in a crucial stage of reform and development.
The Chinese people are committed to realising the Chinese dream of great
national renewal. We are deepening reform in all sectors. The goal has
been set to improve and develop the socialist system with Chinese
characteristics and advance the modernisation of national governance
system and capability. A total of over 330 major reform measures
covering 15 areas have been announced and their implementation is well
underway.

Under Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s
leadership, the new Indian government has identified ten priority areas
including providing a clean and efficient administration and improving
infrastructure. It is committed to building a united, strong and modern
India — Shreshtha Bharat. The Indian people are endeavouring to achieve
their development targets for the new era. China and India are both
faced with historic opportunities, and our respective dreams of national
renewal are very much aligned with each other. We need to connect our
development strategies more closely and jointly pursue our common dream
of national strength and prosperity.

As emerging
markets, each with its own strengths, we need to become closer
development partners who draw upon each other’s strengths and work
together for common development. With rich experience in infrastructure
building and manufacturing, China is ready to contribute to India’s
development in these areas. India is advanced in IT and pharmaceutical
industries, and Indian companies are welcome to seek business
opportunities in the Chinese market. The combination of the “world’s
factory” and the “world’s back office” will produce the most competitive
production base and the most attractive consumer market.

As
the two engines of the Asian economy, we need to become cooperation
partners spearheading growth. I believe that the combination of China’s
energy plus India’s wisdom will release massive potential. We need to
jointly develop the BCIM Economic Corridor, discuss the initiatives of
the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, and
lead the sustainable growth of the Asian economy.

As
two important forces in a world that moves towards multipolarity, we
need to become global partners having strategic coordination. According
to Prime Minister Modi, China and India are “two bodies, one spirit.” I
appreciate this comment. Despite their distinctive features, the
“Chinese Dragon” and the “Indian Elephant” both cherish peace, equity
and justice. We need to work together to carry forward the Five
Principles of Peaceful Coexistence (the Panchsheel), make the
international order more fair and reasonable, and improve the mechanism
and rules of international governance, so as to make them better respond
to the trend of the times and meet the common needs of the
international community.

As Deng Xiaoping puts it, no
genuine Asian century would come without the development of China,
India and other developing countries. We are ready to shoulder this
mission of our times and work actively to enhance friendship between
China and India. I look forward to an in-depth exchange of views with
Indian leaders on our bilateral relations during the visit, and to
injecting new vitality to our strategic and cooperative partnership for
peace and prosperity.

I am confident that as long as
China and India work together, the Asian century of prosperity and
renewal will surely arrive at an early date.

(Xi Jinping, the President of the People’s Republic of China, is on a three-day visit to India starting today.)

I look forward to injecting new vitality to our strategic and cooperative partnership for peace and prosperity

Federalism in judicial appointments - The Hindu

 

A clean judiciary is a constitutional imperative for any working democracy

States should have a say in any major constitutional amendment concerning the judiciary

EQUAL ROLE:It is erroneous to conceive the issue of judicial appointment
as a tussle between the executive and the judiciary for a final say in
the process of selection to the higher judiciary. Picture shows the
Madras High Court.— PHOTO: V. GANESAN

The Supreme Court has dismissed a few writ petitions
challenging the constitutional validity of the Constitution (99th
Amendment) Bill and the National Judicial Appointments Commission Bill,
2014 (NJAC Bill). The judgment is correct, but not for the reason that
the Bills are faultless. The Bills are yet to attain the status of law
as defined under Article 13 of the Constitution. A premature opposition
to the legislative move is antithetical to the facets of deliberative
democracy. Article 111 of the Constitution empowers the President to
return the Bills for reconsideration, which implies the possibility for
modifications. Article 368 says an amendment of the Constitution could
be done generally when a Bill is passed by “a majority of not less than
two thirds of the members present and voting” in each House. Proviso to
Article 368(2) clarifies that in certain cases, ratification by the
legislatures of at least one half of the states is mandatory. The Union
judiciary and the High Courts in the States come within the ambit of
this proviso. This would mean that in a federal system, despite the
clearance by Parliament, States do have a say in any attempt for a major
constitutional amendment concerning the judiciary. It is therefore
incorrect to think that the Bills mark an end in themselves. As such,
there is scope for further debate and a need for it.

A failed experiment

The
collegium is not just a failed experiment, but has also been
undemocratic. Therefore, the real issue is whether the proposed
amendment by way of Article 124A, B and C would really democratise the
method of appointment. It is erroneous to conceive the issue of judicial
appointment as a tussle between the executive and the judiciary for a
final say in the process of selection to the higher judiciary. The
present Bill is designed in such a way that both the judiciary and the
executive have a role in the process. It is generally perceived that
just two members can veto the majority decision in the NJAC and
therefore the mechanism is defective. I would, however, say that this is
a scientific device to oust the ineligible — provided the system is
fair and transparent.

But the system is not supposed
to be transparent, going by the text of the proposed amendment.
Functionally and structurally, the NJAC would perpetuate many of the
basic deficits and perils of the collegium in a different manner. A
secret process without any benchmark that does not even accept the need
for assessment of
inter se
merit would be constitutionally legitimised. No discussions, no
notifications, no applications, no interviews, no consultations and
ultimately no democratisation either in the process or in the
institution. Openness and transparency are the
sine qua non
for any fair method of selection.

Conceptual flaws

There
is a serious conceptual flaw with the present legislative design. An
uncomfortable dichotomy between the constitutional provision and
statutory scheme emerges through the new move. While the 99th
Constitution Amendment Act would create space for the new NJAC, its
composition and voting pattern are designed not by the amended
Constitution, but by a statute, namely the NJAC Act. This would indicate
that even the sole advantage of the NJAC i.e., the requirement for
support of five out of the six members for a valid selection is
vulnerable to statutory amendment by a simple majority in Parliament.
Thus, even without a constitutional amendment, the limited virtues of
the proposed NJAC would be taken away.

Federalism is a
basic feature of the Indian Constitution as held by the Supreme Court
in S.R. Bommai (1994). On account of the NJAC, it is not the “basic
feature” of judicial independence that is endangered, as is widely
misconceived. The judiciary and the executive at the centre will
annihilate even the limited role for the States in the selection process
in the High Courts. Going by the text of Article 217 of the
Constitution, even after its alteration by the Supreme Court in the
Second Judges case (1993) and Third Judges case (1998), the Governor of
the State and the collegium at the High Court level have a participative
role in selection of judges in the High Courts. In the system now
proposed, the NJAC or the President of India is not bound by the
recommendation of the Chief Justices of the High Courts or the
Governors. Section 6(4) of the NJAC Bill envisages consultation with
senior-most judges and eminent advocates in the High Courts. But their
opinion is not binding on the NJAC. Section 6(7) says the views of the
Governor will be elicited but, again, those are not binding. Thus those
at the Centre, through the NJAC, will select the High Court Judges,
despite their lack of familiarity with the institutions of High Courts
and lack of State-level mechanism for an open system for assessment of
individual merit. This nullifies the constitutionally guaranteed federal
traits in the realm of judicial appointments.

The
NJAC thus needs to be restructured and its procedure revamped. Before
ratifying the Bills mechanically, it is for the State legislatures to
seriously ponder over the matter, for the issues are closely associated
with the state’s role in the appointment process.

The
illustrative case of the U.K. needs to be emphasised in the Indian
scenario, for it shows how the federalist values are incorporated both
in the structure of the Commission and in the procedures adopted. The
Constitutional Reforms Act (CRA), 2005 in the U.K. was substantially
altered by way of the Amendment in 2013. At present, there is a
15-member Commission doing the job of selection of judges to the higher
judiciary and tribunals. Selection commences with an open vacancy
notification.

It is again a paradox that despite the
promise for equality of opportunity in public employment guaranteed
under Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution, an eligible person in
India cannot apply for judgeship in higher judiciary. Nor is there any
system of open nomination. In the U.K., the concept of equal opportunity
is not alien to judicial appointments. The notification is followed by a
series of statutory consultations. The criteria for appointment as a
Supreme Court judge are indicated in Sections 50 to 52 of the statute.
The Appointment Commission has a participative, representative and a
democratic character. England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland
are properly represented in the process of consultation.

Federalism
is, therefore, not just a matter of Centre-State relation. It is, on
the other hand, a device to ensure participative role for the
representatives of the States constituting the nation, in the
decision-making process. The larger the body, the greater the democratic
content. In a vast country like ours, a six-member committee is
undemocratic due to its centralist features. Even the laymen are part of
the Commission in the U.K. It is no more an employment generation
scheme. Continued and repeated consultations and screening in the
British system ensure that no ineligible hand is inducted to the higher
judiciary. The only valid criticism against the method in the U.K is
that selection becomes a time-consuming process. But there is no
allegation of judicial corruption. Nor is there allegation of sycophancy
or nepotism. India too can afford such procedural fairness, for the
same would ensure a clean judiciary, which is a constitutional
imperative for any working democracy. But the Bills in their present
form are conceptually sterile and incapable of bringing in radical
reforms. This situation calls for dynamic legislative activism at all
levels.

Tides ( Moon and Earth's phenomenal changes )

“I derive from the celestial phenomena the forces of gravity with which bodies tend to the
sun and several planets. Then from these forces, by other propositions which are also
mathematical, I deduce the motions of the planets, the comets, the moon, and the sea.”                                                                                                   —SIR ISAAC NEWTON

Tides are the periodic raising and lowering of average sea level that occurs throughout the ocean. As sea level rises and falls, the edge of the sea slowly shifts landward and seaward daily, often destroying sand castles built during low tide. Knowledge of tides is important in many coastal activities, including tide pooling, shell collecting, surfing, fishing, navigation,and preparing for storms. Tides are so important that accurate records have been kept at nearly every port for several centuries and there are many examples of the term tide in everyday vocabulary (for instance, “to tide someone over,” “to go against the tide,” or to
wish someone “good tidings”).

Firstly, early coastal peoples noticed the tides yet the earliest written record of tides is in about 450 B.C. Even the earliest sailors knew the Moon had some connection with the tides because both followed a similar cyclic pattern. However, it wasn’t until Isaac Newton (1642–1727) developed the universal law of gravitation that the tides could adequately be explained.

Although the study of the tides can be complex, tides are fundamentally very long and regular shallow-water waves. Their wavelengths are measured in thousands of kilometers and their heights range to more than 15 meters (50 feet).

*Interesting Fact : 

     1."16.27 metres (or 53.38 feet) between high and low tide at Burncoat Head in the Bay of Fundy's Minas Basin, Nova Scotia is the highest tidal point in the world." 

     2.High tides happen every 12 hours and 25 minutes (or nearly an hour later each day) because of the changing position of the Moon in its orbit around the Earth. 

     3.At mid-tide, the flow in Minas Channel north of Blomidon equals the combined flow of all the rivers and streams on Earth!

What Causes the Tides? 

Simplistically, the gravitational attraction of the Sun and Moon on Earth creates ocean tides. In a more complete analysis, tides are generated by forces imposed on Earth that are caused by a combination of gravity and motion among Earth, the Moon,and the Sun.

  

Characteristics of Tides:

Tidal changes proceed via the following stages:

• Sea level rises over several hours, covering the intertidal zone; flood tide.
• The water rises to its highest level, reaching high tide.
• Sea level falls over several hours, revealing the intertidal zone; ebb tide.
• The water stops falling, reaching low tide.

 

Types of Tides:  

There are different types of Tides on the basis of movements of Moon,Earth & Sun:- 

1.Spring Tide-

When the gravitational effects of the Sun and the Moon combine, we get spring tides, which have nothing to do with the season of spring. The term refers to the action of the seas springing out and then springing back. These are times of high high tides and low low tides.

In this phase position of Earth, Moon and Sun will be in a straight line . There is two cases - one is when Moon is in between Sun and Earth and the second is in which Earth is in between Moon and Sun .That means the angle between all three will be 180 degree .

Higher tides occur during these Moon phases because the Sun also exerts a gravitational pull on our oceans, although it is only 46 percent as strong as the Moon's.

 A. Case - 1 : Full Moon : When the Earth will be in line with Moon and Sun and also in between the Moon and Sun then it will be called as Full Moon .

 B. Case - 2 : New Moon : When the opposite will happen i.e the Moon will be in between the Earth and Sun then it is called as New Moon phenomenon.

2.Neap Tide-

A tide in which the difference between high and low tide is the least.Neap tides

occur twice a month when the Sun and Moon are at right angles to the Earth.

When this is the case, their total gravitational pull on the Earth's water is weakened because it comes from two different directions.

When the Moon is at first quarter or third quarter, the sun and Moon are separated by 90° when viewed from the Earth, and the solar tidal force partially cancels the Moon's. At these points in the lunar cycle, the tide's range is at its minimum.

Best pdf on Tides ... Must read ... Click here to download .......

Importance of Tides:

1.Fishing : Fish may concentrate during ebb tides. Commercial fishermen follow the tides and learn to fish during levels of highest concentration to improve their economic investment and to make more efficient use of their time. Recreational fishermen may also fish during ebb tides because the concentrations of smaller fish attract the larger trophy fish. Tides affect other aspects of oceanic life, including the reproductive activities of fish and ocean plants. Floating plants and animals ride the tidal currents between the breeding areas and deeper waters. The tides help remove pollutants and circulate nutrients ocean plants and animals need to survive. 

2.Tidal Zone Foods:Crabs, mussels, snails, seaweed and other edible sea life inhabit the tidal zone. Small tide pools may also contain small fish and sea vegetables. The sea life found in these regions are often harvested for food. Without the regular washing of the tides, these complex and abundant creatures would die and food resources would diminish.

 

3.Navigation:Tides affect the depth and currents in and around coastal areas. Ships may need to navigate the waters during high tide in some areas or risk running aground. Pilots take into consideration the water level, width of channels and direction of the water flow to determine the best time to travel. Pilots may choose to travel when tides are at ebb in order to get tall loads under bridges.Tidal flows can also help or impede the progress of a ship in the water. Pilots can take advantage of the current to get the craft where it needs to go. A thorough understanding of how tides affect navigation and how to use the tides in navigation can improve the productivity of marine and inland shipping. 

4.Weather:Tides and tidal currents affect the weather by stirring the ocean waters. The tides and tidal currents mix arctic water that can't absorb lots of sunlight with warmer topic water that does. The stirring produces more predictable and habitable climate conditions and balances temperatures on the planet. 

5.Tidal Energy:Two high tides and two low tides occur during every 24-hour period. The predictability of the tides, fast movement of water during the inflow and outflow can provide a source of renewable energy to communities living along the coast. Hydroelectric plants can exploit the water flow in ways similar to those used on rivers.

1.  fish.
   • Tides affect other aspects of oceanic life, including the reproductive activities of fish and ocean plants. Floating plants and animals ride the tidal currents between the breeding areas and deeper waters. The tides help remove pollutants and circulate nutrients ocean plants and animals need to survive.

   Tidal Zone Foods

   • Crabs, mussels, snails, seaweed and other edible sea life inhabit the tidal zone. Small tide pools may also contain small fish and sea vegetables. The sea life found in these regions are often harvested for food. Without the regular washing of the tides, these complex and abundant creatures would die and food resources would diminish.
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   Navigation

   • Tides affect the depth and currents in and around coastal areas. Ships may need to navigate the waters during high tide in some areas or risk running aground. Pilots take into consideration the water level, width of channels and direction of the water flow to determine the best time to travel. Pilots may choose to travel when tides are at ebb in order to get tall loads under bridges.
     Tidal flows can also help or impede the progress of a ship in the water. Pilots can take advantage of the current to get the craft where it needs to go. A thorough understanding of how tides affect navigation and how to use the tides in navigation can improve the productivity of marine and inland shipping.

   Weather

   • Tides and tidal currents affect the weather by stirring the ocean waters. The tides and tidal currents mix arctic water that can't absorb lots of sunlight with warmer topic water that does. The stirring produces more predictable and habitable climate conditions and balances temperatures on the planet.

   Tidal Energy

   • Two high tides and two low tides occur during every 24-hour period. The predictability of the tides, fast movement of water during the inflow and outflow can provide a source of renewable energy to communities living along the coast. Hydroelectric plants can exploit the water flow in ways similar to those used on rivers.

Sponsored Links

Read more : http://www.ehow.com/info_7751713_importance-tides.html

Fishing

• Fish may concentrate during ebb tides. Commercial fishermen follow the tides and learn to fish during levels of highest concentration to improve their economic investment and to make more efficient use of their time. Recreational fishermen may also fish during ebb tides because the concentrations of smaller fish attract the larger trophy fish.
  Tides affect other aspects of oceanic life, including the reproductive activities of fish and ocean plants. Floating plants and animals ride the tidal currents between the breeding areas and deeper waters. The tides help remove pollutants and circulate nutrients ocean plants and animals need to survive.

Read more : http://www.ehow.com/info_7751713_importance-tides.html

1. Fishing

   • Fish may concentrate during ebb tides. Commercial fishermen follow the tides and learn to fish during levels of highest concentration to improve their economic investment and to make more efficient use of their time. Recreational fishermen may also fish during ebb tides because the concentrations of smaller fish attract the larger trophy fish.
     Tides affect other aspects of oceanic life, including the reproductive activities of fish and ocean plants. Floating plants and animals ride the tidal currents between the breeding areas and deeper waters. The tides help remove pollutants and circulate nutrients ocean plants and animals need to survive.

   Tidal Zone Foods

   • Crabs, mussels, snails, seaweed and other edible sea life inhabit the tidal zone. Small tide pools may also contain small fish and sea vegetables. The sea life found in these regions are often harvested for food. Without the regular washing of the tides, these complex and abundant creatures would die and food resources would diminish.
   • Sponsored Links
     

     • Online Term Insurance
       1 Cr @ Rs 5410 OR 50 Lac @ Rs 3037 Per year, Upto 35 Yr Policy Term
       www.reliancelife.com

   Navigation

   • Tides affect the depth and currents in and around coastal areas. Ships may need to navigate the waters during high tide in some areas or risk running aground. Pilots take into consideration the water level, width of channels and direction of the water flow to determine the best time to travel. Pilots may choose to travel when tides are at ebb in order to get tall loads under bridges.
     Tidal flows can also help or impede the progress of a ship in the water. Pilots can take advantage of the current to get the craft where it needs to go. A thorough understanding of how tides affect navigation and how to use the tides in navigation can improve the productivity of marine and inland shipping.

   Weather

   • Tides and tidal currents affect the weather by stirring the ocean waters. The tides and tidal currents mix arctic water that can't absorb lots of sunlight with warmer topic water that does. The stirring produces more predictable and habitable climate conditions and balances temperatures on the planet.

   Tidal Energy

   • Two high tides and two low tides occur during every 24-hour period. The predictability of the tides, fast movement of water during the inflow and outflow can provide a source of renewable energy to communities living along the coast. Hydroelectric plants can exploit the water flow in ways similar to those used on rivers.

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