The President of India

The President of India is the head of state of the Republic of India. The President is the formal head of the executive, legislature and judiciary of India and is the commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces.

The President is indirectly elected by the people through elected members of the Parliament of India (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) as well as of the Legislative Assemblies in States of India (Vidhan Sabha) and serves for a term of five years.

The Constitution of India states that the President can exercise his or her powers directly or by subordinate authority, with few exceptions, all of the executive authority vested in the President are, in practice, exercised by the popularly elected Government of India, headed by the Prime Minister. This Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister with the help of the Council of Ministers.

The 13th and current President is Pranab Mukherjee, who was elected on 22 July 2012, and sworn-in on 25 July 2012. He is the first Bengali to be elected as President. He took over the position from Pratibha Patil, who was the first woman to serve in the office.

India achieved independence from British Rule on 15 August 1947. The Constituent Assembly of India, under the leadership of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, undertook the process of drafting a completely new constitution for the country. The Constitution of India was eventually enacted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950, making India a republic. The offices of monarch and governor-general were replaced by the new office of President of India, with Rajendra Prasad as the first incumbent.

The President can return a bill to the Parliament, if it is not a money bill or a constitutional amendment bill, for reconsideration. The President appoints, as Prime Minister, the person most likely to command the support of the majority in the Lok Sabha.

All money bills originate in Parliament, but only if the President recommends them. He or she presents the Annual Budget and supplementary Budget before Parliament. No money bill can be introduced in Parliament without his or her assent.

The President appoints the Chief Justice of the Union Judiciary and other judges on the advice of the Chief Justice.

The President is the supreme commander of the defence forces of India. The President can declare war or conclude peace, subject to the approval of parliament only under the decision of the Council of the Armed Forces Chief staffs, Military Secretary and President’s Officer (Deputy Military Secretary).
The President can declare three types of emergencies: national, state, financial.

A President can be removed for violation of the Constitution of India. The President may be removed before the expiry of the term through impeachment. 


No president has faced impeachment proceedings.

The Constitution (120th Amendment) Bill, 2013

• The Constitution (One Hundred and Twentieth Amendment) Bill, 2013 was introduced in the Rajya Sabha on August 24, 2013 by the Minister of Law and Justice, Mr. Kapil Sibal. 

• Pursuant to a review of constitutional provisions providing for the appointment and transfer of Judges, and relevant Supreme Court decisions on the matter, the need for a broad based Judicial Appointment Commission, for making recommendations for selection of judges was felt.

• The Bill seeks to enable equal participation of Judiciary and Executive, make the appointment process more accountable and ensure greater transparency and objectivity in the appointments to the higher judiciary.

• The Bill proposes to insert a new Article 124A, and amend Article 124(2) (a).

• The proposed Article 124 A contains two clauses; Clause (1) provides for a Commission, to be known as the Judicial Appointments Commission.

• Article 124A(2) enables Parliament to make a law that provides the manner of selection for appointment as Chief justice of India and other Judges of the Supreme Court, Chief justices and other judges of the High Courts.

• Furthermore, Article 124A (2)  enables that law to lay down the following features of the Commission: (i) the composition, (ii) the appointment, qualifications, conditions of service and tenure of the Chairperson and Members, (iii) the functions, (iv) procedure to be followed, (v) other necessary matters.

• Consequently, the Bill amends Article 124 (2) (a) of the Constitution, providing for appointment of Judges to the higher judiciary, by the President, after consultation with Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts in the states.

The Constitution (119th Amendment) Bill, 2013

• The Constitution (119th Amendment) Bill, 2013 was introduced in the Rajya Sabha on December 18, 2013 by Mr. Salman Khurshid, Minister of External Affairs.  It was referred to the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Law and Justice on December 31, 2013.

• The Bill amends the First Schedule of the Constitution to give effect to an agreement entered into by India and Bangladesh on the acquiring and transfer of territories between the two countries on May 16, 1974.  The First Schedule of the Constitution defines the area of each state and union territory which together constitute India.

• The India-Bangladesh Agreement was signed in 1974, but was not ratified as it involved transfer of territory which required a Constitutional Amendment.  Hence, the Bill has been introduced.

• Definition of ‘India-Bangladesh Agreement’: The Bill refers to demarcated land boundaries in accordance with the India-Bangladesh agreement signed on May 16, 1974.  This agreement underwent further modification through letters exchanged thereafter and a protocol on September 6, 2011.

• Exchange of territories: The territories involved are in the states of Assam, West Bengal, Meghalaya and Tripura.  Many of these are enclaves (i.e., territory belonging to one country that is entirely surrounded by the other country), and there are even enclaves-within-enclaves.

• Amendment to the First Schedule of the Constitution: The Bill amends paragraphs relating to the territories of Assam, West Bengal, Meghalaya, and Tripura in the First Schedule of the Constitution.

Relevant Books For UPSC(IAS) Exam

These are General Studies Material for All four Papers::

1. Must Read News Paper(THE HINDU) and its up to u only so can't help.

2. Certificate Physical and human geography by Gochen Leong (v.v.imp)

3. Indian Geography by khullar ( Best Standard Refrence Book )

4. Orient Blackswan Atlas ( Must have one)

5. NCERT Geography XI/XII( imp but optional can download too)

6. History of Modern India by Spectrum ( Must read 2-3 times)

7. Indian struggle for Independence by Bipin Chandra ( Must Must ..)

8. Indian Since Independence by Bipin Chandra ( Important no doubt)

9. India After Gandhi by Guha ( Imp but Optional )

10. Contemporary World History old NCERT ( Must Read once)

11. World history by Jain & Mathur ( Must only Source)

12. Anciect/ Medivial / Modern Indian History old NCERT ( Must read many times)

13. Indian Constituion at work NCERT /Indian politics  afterIndependece/Contemporay world politics ( v. Imp)

14. Indian Polity by M. Laxmikant ( V. Imp)

15. Indian Constitution by Subhash Kashyap ( good but only basic)

16. Indian Parliament by S. Kashyap ( v.good but I never Read it )

17. Indian Polity Class notes by Vajiram Ram..

18. Economic NCERT (XI/XII) ( Read once must )

19. Economy Class notes of Sriram coaching Printed Notes ( V. Good)

20. Indian Art and Culture class notes by Nitin Singhnia..               (  V.V.V.good with any standard refrence book)

21. CSAT Aptitude Mock Test Papers by Career Launcher ( If u r week in CSAT)

22. Environment Shankar IAS Acdemy ( Have to read Properly once but not sufficient )

23. Science & Tech ( newspaper/magzine only don’t buy nething )

24. Ethics material by Pragati (V.V. Good) but much better material will come only in August 2014

25. Indian Polity of SriRam Coaching (v.v.v.v.v imp )

26 IGNOU material ( of Social issues/Environment/Internaional Issues/Polity/ Ethics) Etc….(will help if Read once)( costly so download freely from internet)

27. CSAT Paper I mock test series by Direction or CL coaching.

          These are for Optional :

28. Public Administration Synergy Class Notes ( Best )

29. Geography Neetu Singh Class Notes ( Best)

30. History Insight coaching class Notes ( Best)

31. Political Science class notes of Vajiram & Ravi (Best)

32. Sociology class notes of Upendra coachig ( Best)

33. Philosophy class notes by Patanjali ( Best)

34 Psychology class notes by Mukul Pathak (Best)

35. Anthropology printed notes Brain Tree Coaching ( Best )
but class notes available only of Dr Lakshmaiah SArkar
by Mitra’ IAS or by Pradip Sarkar

36 Hindi Sahitya by Utakrsh Sir or Drashti coaching

37. Indian economy Service by Kalinga IAS Academy Printed Notes only ..

  CLICK THIS IMAGE TO DOWNLOAD NCERT BOOKS::

THOSE WHO ARE PREPARING IN HINDI MIEDIUM PLZ READ IT ONCE .. Hope it will be helpful  : 

Books for IAS in Hindi

This  list has the most relevant books for IAS exam in Hindi thus filling an important gap for Hindi medium students wanting to know about IAS Books in Hindi:

Note: List of IAS Books in English is also available.

1.Solved Questions Papers and Syllabus for IAS.

Refer the past 5 years solved section wise GS papers and syllabus to effectively prepare for IAS exam.

Arihant’s Solved GS papers in Hindi are very relevant for Hindi medium IAS aspirants.

The IAS Syllabus in Hindi for CSAT/Prelims and all Mains optionals contains the latest syllabus for IAS in Hindi. Get both these books before starting out with your IAS preparation.

2.Books for CSAT Paper 1 in Hindi

A.TMH GS Manual

TMH GS Manual is very relevant for Paper 1 preparation of IAS prelims, particularly so for Geography and GK preparation.

Science section is noteworthy. Speaking of GK , a nice book called Samanya Gyan by Student Aid publishers to boost your GK power.

B.Indian History
Adhunik Bharat  to study modern history in Hindi.

C.Geography Atlas

Oxford Student Atlas in English is suitable for Hindi medium as well.

D.Year Book for Current Affairs and GK

Manorama Year Book in Hindi

E.Books for IAS Paper 2 in Hindi

There are two good books available to Hindi medium IAS aspirants for preparing paper 2 of CSAT.

The Pearson CSAT Manual in Hindi ,Arihant’s Crack CSAT in Hindi.

CENSUS OF INDIA 2011

KEY HIGHLIGHTS OF CENSUS 2011 

The provisional figures of India’s largest Census 2011 were released in New Delhi on 31st March 2011 by Union Home Secretary GK Pillai and RGI C Chandramouli.The 15th Census of India and the seventh Census of Independent India-2011 was
started on 1st April 2010 with President Pratibha Patil being the first citizen to be enumerated, followed by Vice President Hamid Ansari.The estimated cost of the Census was 22 Billion Rupees.

Census 2011 is the 15 Census of India since 1872

• Census 2011 was held in two phases.

• Houselisting & Housing Census : (April to September 2010)

• Population Enumeration (9 th to 28 February 2011)

CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD THE PPT ...  _____________________________________  No. of Administrative Units in Census 2011

States/Union Territories – 35

Total Districts – 640  Sub-districts – 5,924 

Towns – 7,936 Villages – 6.41 lakh

______________________________________

Density of Population (persons per sq. km)

Density of population in India – 382

Highest Density in state – Delhi (11297)

Lowest Density in state – Arunachal Pardesh (17)

_______________________________________

SEX RATIO (females per 1,000 males)

Sex-ratio in India - 940
Child (0-6yrs.) sex-ratio - 914
Highest sex-ratio in state – Kerala (1084)
Lowest sex-ratio in UTs – Daman & Diu (618)
Highest child(0-6) sex-ratio in state –Mizoram(971)
Lowest child(0-6) sex-ratio in state – Haryana(830)

______________________________________

Decadal Population Growth 2001-2011 facts

• The population of India has increased by more
than 181 million during the decade 2001-2011.

• Percentage growth in 2001-2011 is 17.64 in
comparison to 21.15 per cent in 2001;males 17.19 and females 18.12.

• 2001-2011 is the first decade (with the
exception of 1911-1921) which has actually
added lesser population compared to the
previous decade.

• Uttar Pradesh (199.5 million) is the most
populous State in the country – population
is more than the population of Brazil.

_______________________________________

Population as on 1st March 2011 

1. Males : 623,724,248 82.14%
2. Females : 586,469,174 65.46%
3. Child(0-6) : 158,789,270 ——
4. Persons : 1,210,193,422 74.04%

1. The total number of children in the age-group 0-6 is 158.8 million. The proportion of Child Population in the age group of 0-6 years to total population is 13.1 percent while the corresponding figure in 2001 was 15.9 percent. The decline has been to the extent of 2.8 points.

Total Literacy Rate: 74.04%

_______________________________________

Five Largest Populus State of the country

1. Uttar Pradesh - 19,95,81,477
2. Maharashtra - 11,23,72,972
3. Bihar - 10,38,04,637
4. West Bengal - 9,13,47,736
5. Andhra Pradesh - 8,46,65,533
Highest Populus State : Uttar pardesh

_______________________________________

Five Least Populus State of the country

1. Lakshadweep - 64,429
2. Daman & Diu - 2,42,911
3. D. & N. Haveli - 3,42,853
4. A. & N. Islands - 3,79,944
5. Sikkim - 6,07,688
Least Populus UTs : Lakshadweep

________________________________________

Decadal Literacy Growth 2001-2011
• Literacy rate has gone up from 64.83 per cent
in 2001 to 74.04 per cent in 2011 showing an
increase of 9.21 percentage points.

• Percentage growth in literacy during 2001-2011
is 38.82; males : 31.98% & females : 49.10%.

• The state of Kerala has the highest literacy rate
93.11%, whereas Bihar has the lowest 63.82%.

Some facts of Census 2011:

• Census 2011 mascot is a female enumerator (who everybody would identify as the school teacher next door). 

        • The population of India has increased by more than 181 million during the decade 2001-2011.

        • The absolute addition is slightly lower than the population of Brazil, the fifth most populous country in the world.

       • The population of India, at 1210.2 million, is almost equal to the combined population of U.S.A.,Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Japan put together (1214.3 million)

      • The percentage decadal growth during 2001-2011 has registered the sharpest decline since Independence – a decrease of 3.90 percentage points from 21.54 to 17.64 percent 

      • Of the total population, 623.7 million are males and 586.5 million are females.

 

      • Uttar Pradesh (199.5 million) is the most populous State in the country  followed by Maharashtra with 112 million.

 
      • The combined population of Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra is bigger than that of the US.
 
     • While Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Puducherry has the highest population growth rate of about 55 percent, Nagaland has the lowest -0.47 percent.
 
     • The density of population is highest in Delhi, followed by Chandigarh.
 
     • The report said that Jammu and Kashmir, Bihar and Gujarat show decline in sex ratio while 29 states show an increase.
 
     • Population (0-6 years) 2001-2011 registered minus (-)3.08 percent growth with minus (-)2.42 for males and –3.80 for females.
 
   • The report further said that the literacy rate has gone up from 64.83 per cent in 2001 to 74.04 per cent in 2011 showing an increase of 9.21 per cent. 

  Total expenditure and materials used:

• Cost Rs. 2200 crore
• Cost per person Rs. 18.33
• No. of Census Functionaries 2.7 million
• No. of Languages in which Schedules were canvassed 16
• No. of Languages in which Training Manuals prepared 18
• No. of Schedules Printed 340 million
• No. of Training Manuals Printed 5.4 million
• Paper Utilised 12,000 MTs
• Material Moved 10,500 MTs

1. UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
The unemployment rate in India is estimated at
9.4 percent or 94 persons out of 1000 persons
in the labour force for the fixed reference period
of FY 2009-10, according to employment-unemp
loyment survey by the Labour Bureau under the
Labour and Employment Ministry.From 1983 until
2000, India’s Unemployment Rate averaged 7.20
percent reaching an historical high of 8.30 percent
in December of 1983

2. POVERTY RATE

As per the findings of Tendulkar Committee
on Poverty , India’s poverty rate is estimated
at 37.2% of the total population, rather than a
figure of 27.5% used previously. This implies
an increase in the number of BPL households
from 65.2 million to almost 80 million.

3. HUNGER and MALNUTRITION 

India ranks 67 on the Global Hunger Index 2010,
conducted by the International Food Policy
Research Institute (IFPRI) among 88 nations.
India may be the second fastest growing economin the world, but it fares far worse than lesser developed countries such as Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka in the neighbourhood, when it comes to taking care of its malnourished children. India is home to 42% of the underweight children under the age of five year in the
world.

4. HOUSING / SLUM PROBLEM
As per the report of Pranab Sen Committee
constituted to look in to various aspects of
slum cesnus, country’s slum population had
grown by 17.8 million people in the last decade.

The committee projected the slum
population in 2011 at 93.06 million, up from
75.26 million in 2001 as per the new definition
poverty. The 2001 census figures pegged the
slum population at 52.40 million.

5. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Poverty combined with escalating population has placed undue pressure on the forests as they are being cut down without any remorse. Some other effects of population tsunami on surrounding environment (directly or indirectly) are given here: • Air Pollution
• Water Pollution
• Noise Polltuion

• Deforestration which further responsible for :

{global warming,decreased biodiversity, soil erosion,reduce rainfall, desertification, flooding, removal of habitats for animal, removal of topsoil.}

POSITIVE OUTCOMES OF CENSUS 2011

Literacy rate has gone up from 64.83 per cent in 2001 to 74.04 per cent in 2011showing an increase of 9.21 percentage points.

Percentage growth in literacy during 2001-2011

Overall persons in country : 38.82%
Males : 31.98%
Females : 49.10%.

Literates constitute 74 per cent of the total population aged seven and above
and illiterates form 26 per cent.

NANO TECHNOLOGY

 Introduction

Nanotechnology is an exciting area of scientific development which promises ‘more for less’. It offers ways to create smaller, cheaper, lighter and faster devices that can do more and cleverer things, use less raw materials and consume less energy.

Real-World Examples

There are many examples of the application of nanotechnology from the simple to the complex. For example, there are nano coatings which can repel dirt and reduce the need for harmful cleaning agents, or prevent the spread of hospital-borne infections.

New-generation hip implants can be made more ‘body friendly’ because they have a nanoscale topography that encourages acceptance by the cells in their vicinity.

Moving on to more complex products, a good example of the application of nanotechnology is a mobile phone, which has changed dramatically in a few years – becoming smaller and smaller, while paradoxically, growing cleverer and faster – and cheaper!

What is Nanotechnology?

Nanotechnology originates from the Greek word meaning “dwarf”. A nanometre is one billionth (10-9) of a metre, which is tiny, only the length of ten hydrogen atoms, or about one hundred thousandth of the width of a hair! Although scientists have manipulated matter at the nanoscale for centuries, calling it physics or chemistry, it was not until a new generation of microscopes were invented in the nineteen eighties in IBM, Switzerland that the world of atoms and molecules could be visualized and managed.

Definition

In simple terms, nanotechnology can be defined as ‘engineering at a very small scale’, and this term can be applied to many areas of research and development – from medicine to manufacturing to computing, and even to textiles and cosmetics. It can be difficult to imagine exactly how this greater understanding of the world of atoms and molecules has and will affect the everyday objects we see around us, but some of the areas where nanotechnologies are set to make a difference are described below.

From micro to nano

Nanotechnology, in one sense, is the natural continuation of the miniaturization revolution that we have witnessed over the last decade, where millionth of a metre (10 -6m) tolerances (microengineering) became commonplace, for example, in the automotive and aerospace industries enabling the construction of higher quality and safer vehicles and planes.

It was the computer industry that kept on pushing the limits of miniaturization, and many electronic devices we see today have nano features that owe their origins to the computer industry – such as cameras, CD and DVD players, car airbag pressure sensors and inkjet printers.

New Applications of Nanotechnology :

Nanotechnology offers opportunities in creating new features and functions. It is already providing the solutions to many long-standing medical, social and environmental problems. Because of its potential, nanotechnology is of global interest. It is attracting more public funding than any other area of technology, estimated at €3.8 billion worldwide in 2005. It is also the one area of research that is truly multidisciplinary.

The contribution of nanotechnology to new products and processes cannot be made in isolation and requires a team effort. This may include life scientists – biologists and biochemists - working with physicists, chemists and information technology experts. Consider the development of a new cochlear implant and what that might require - at least a physiologist, an electronic engineer, a mechanical engineer and a biomaterials expert. This kind of teamwork is essential, not only for a cochlear implant, but for any new nano-based product whether it is a scratch-resistant lens or a new soap powder.

Nano scientists are now enthusiastically examining how the living world ‘works’ in order to find solutions to problems in the 'non-living' world. The way marine organisms build strength into their shells has lessons in how to engineer new lightweight, tough materials for cars; the way a leaf photosynthesizes can lead to techniques for efficiently generating renewable energy; even how a nettle delivers its sting can suggest better vaccination techniques.

These ideas are all leading to what is termed ‘disruptive’ solutions, when the old ways of making things are completely overtaken and discarded, in much the same way as a DVD has taken over from videotape, or a flat screen display from a cathode ray tube.

PROJECT SAGARMALA

FOR MORE INFORMATION CLICK HERE ....: