Friday, August 29, 2014

Tides ( Moon and Earth's phenomenal changes )

“I derive from the celestial phenomena the forces of gravity with which bodies tend to the
sun and several planets. Then from these forces, by other propositions which are also
mathematical, I deduce the motions of the planets, the comets, the moon, and the sea.”         
                                                                                          —SIR ISAAC NEWTON

Tides are the periodic raising and lowering of average sea level that occurs throughout the ocean. As sea level rises and falls, the edge of the sea slowly shifts landward and seaward daily, often destroying sand castles built during low tide. Knowledge of tides is important in many coastal activities, including tide pooling, shell collecting, surfing, fishing, navigation,and preparing for storms. Tides are so important that accurate records have been kept at nearly every port for several centuries and there are many examples of the term tide in everyday vocabulary (for instance, “to tide someone over,” “to go against the tide,” or to
wish someone “good tidings”).



Firstly, early coastal peoples noticed the tides yet the earliest written record of tides is in about 450 B.C. Even the earliest sailors knew the Moon had some connection with the tides because both followed a similar cyclic pattern. However, it wasn’t until Isaac Newton (1642–1727) developed the universal law of gravitation that the tides could adequately be explained.

Although the study of the tides can be complex, tides are fundamentally very long and regular shallow-water waves. Their wavelengths are measured in thousands of kilometers and their heights range to more than 15 meters (50 feet).


*Interesting Fact : 
     1."16.27 metres (or 53.38 feet) between high and low tide at Burncoat Head in the Bay of Fundy's Minas Basin, Nova Scotia is the highest tidal point in the world." 
     2.High tides happen every 12 hours and 25 minutes (or nearly an hour later each day) because of the changing position of the Moon in its orbit around the Earth. 
     3.At mid-tide, the flow in Minas Channel north of Blomidon equals the combined flow of all the rivers and streams on Earth!

What Causes the Tides? 

Simplistically, the gravitational attraction of the Sun and Moon on Earth creates ocean tides. In a more complete analysis, tides are generated by forces imposed on Earth that are caused by a combination of gravity and motion among Earth, the Moon,and the Sun.
  
Characteristics of Tides:

Tidal changes proceed via the following stages:

  • Sea level rises over several hours, covering the intertidal zone; flood tide.
  • The water rises to its highest level, reaching high tide.
  • Sea level falls over several hours, revealing the intertidal zone; ebb tide.
  • The water stops falling, reaching low tide.

 


Types of Tides:  
There are different types of Tides on the basis of movements of Moon,Earth & Sun:- 

1.Spring Tide-

When the gravitational effects of the Sun and the Moon combine, we get spring tides, which have nothing to do with the season of spring. The term refers to the action of the seas springing out and then springing back. These are times of high high tides and low low tides.
In this phase position of Earth, Moon and Sun will be in a straight line . There is two cases - one is when Moon is in between Sun and Earth and the second is in which Earth is in between Moon and Sun .That means the angle between all three will be 180 degree .

Higher tides occur during these Moon phases because the Sun also exerts a gravitational pull on our oceans, although it is only 46 percent as strong as the Moon's.

 A. Case - 1 : Full Moon : When the Earth will be in line with Moon and Sun and also in between the Moon and Sun then it will be called as Full Moon .

 B. Case - 2 : New Moon : When the opposite will happen i.e the Moon will be in between the Earth and Sun then it is called as New Moon phenomenon.


2.Neap Tide-

A tide in which the difference between high and low tide is the least.Neap tides
occur twice a month when the Sun and Moon are at right angles to the Earth.

When this is the case, their total gravitational pull on the Earth's water is weakened because it comes from two different directions.

When the Moon is at first quarter or third quarter, the sun and Moon are separated by 90° when viewed from the Earth, and the solar tidal force partially cancels the Moon's. At these points in the lunar cycle, the tide's range is at its minimum.


Best pdf on Tides ... Must read ... Click here to download .......

Importance of Tides:

1.Fishing : Fish may concentrate during ebb tides. Commercial fishermen follow the tides and learn to fish during levels of highest concentration to improve their economic investment and to make more efficient use of their time. Recreational fishermen may also fish during ebb tides because the concentrations of smaller fish attract the larger trophy fish. Tides affect other aspects of oceanic life, including the reproductive activities of fish and ocean plants. Floating plants and animals ride the tidal currents between the breeding areas and deeper waters. The tides help remove pollutants and circulate nutrients ocean plants and animals need to survive. 

2.Tidal Zone Foods:Crabs, mussels, snails, seaweed and other edible sea life inhabit the tidal zone. Small tide pools may also contain small fish and sea vegetables. The sea life found in these regions are often harvested for food. Without the regular washing of the tides, these complex and abundant creatures would die and food resources would diminish.
 
3.Navigation:Tides affect the depth and currents in and around coastal areas. Ships may need to navigate the waters during high tide in some areas or risk running aground. Pilots take into consideration the water level, width of channels and direction of the water flow to determine the best time to travel. Pilots may choose to travel when tides are at ebb in order to get tall loads under bridges.Tidal flows can also help or impede the progress of a ship in the water. Pilots can take advantage of the current to get the craft where it needs to go. A thorough understanding of how tides affect navigation and how to use the tides in navigation can improve the productivity of marine and inland shipping. 

4.Weather:Tides and tidal currents affect the weather by stirring the ocean waters. The tides and tidal currents mix arctic water that can't absorb lots of sunlight with warmer topic water that does. The stirring produces more predictable and habitable climate conditions and balances temperatures on the planet. 

5.Tidal Energy:Two high tides and two low tides occur during every 24-hour period. The predictability of the tides, fast movement of water during the inflow and outflow can provide a source of renewable energy to communities living along the coast. Hydroelectric plants can exploit the water flow in ways similar to those used on rivers.










  1.  fish.
    • Tides affect other aspects of oceanic life, including the reproductive activities of fish and ocean plants. Floating plants and animals ride the tidal currents between the breeding areas and deeper waters. The tides help remove pollutants and circulate nutrients ocean plants and animals need to survive.

    Tidal Zone Foods

    • Crabs, mussels, snails, seaweed and other edible sea life inhabit the tidal zone. Small tide pools may also contain small fish and sea vegetables. The sea life found in these regions are often harvested for food. Without the regular washing of the tides, these complex and abundant creatures would die and food resources would diminish.

    Navigation

    • Tides affect the depth and currents in and around coastal areas. Ships may need to navigate the waters during high tide in some areas or risk running aground. Pilots take into consideration the water level, width of channels and direction of the water flow to determine the best time to travel. Pilots may choose to travel when tides are at ebb in order to get tall loads under bridges.
      Tidal flows can also help or impede the progress of a ship in the water. Pilots can take advantage of the current to get the craft where it needs to go. A thorough understanding of how tides affect navigation and how to use the tides in navigation can improve the productivity of marine and inland shipping.

    Weather

    • Tides and tidal currents affect the weather by stirring the ocean waters. The tides and tidal currents mix arctic water that can't absorb lots of sunlight with warmer topic water that does. The stirring produces more predictable and habitable climate conditions and balances temperatures on the planet.

    Tidal Energy

    • Two high tides and two low tides occur during every 24-hour period. The predictability of the tides, fast movement of water during the inflow and outflow can provide a source of renewable energy to communities living along the coast. Hydroelectric plants can exploit the water flow in ways similar to those used on rivers.



Read more : http://www.ehow.com/info_7751713_importance-tides.html

Fishing

  • Fish may concentrate during ebb tides. Commercial fishermen follow the tides and learn to fish during levels of highest concentration to improve their economic investment and to make more efficient use of their time. Recreational fishermen may also fish during ebb tides because the concentrations of smaller fish attract the larger trophy fish.
    Tides affect other aspects of oceanic life, including the reproductive activities of fish and ocean plants. Floating plants and animals ride the tidal currents between the breeding areas and deeper waters. The tides help remove pollutants and circulate nutrients ocean plants and animals need to survive.


Read more : http://www.ehow.com/info_7751713_importance-tides.html


  1. Fishing

    • Fish may concentrate during ebb tides. Commercial fishermen follow the tides and learn to fish during levels of highest concentration to improve their economic investment and to make more efficient use of their time. Recreational fishermen may also fish during ebb tides because the concentrations of smaller fish attract the larger trophy fish.
      Tides affect other aspects of oceanic life, including the reproductive activities of fish and ocean plants. Floating plants and animals ride the tidal currents between the breeding areas and deeper waters. The tides help remove pollutants and circulate nutrients ocean plants and animals need to survive.

    Tidal Zone Foods

    • Crabs, mussels, snails, seaweed and other edible sea life inhabit the tidal zone. Small tide pools may also contain small fish and sea vegetables. The sea life found in these regions are often harvested for food. Without the regular washing of the tides, these complex and abundant creatures would die and food resources would diminish.

    Navigation

    • Tides affect the depth and currents in and around coastal areas. Ships may need to navigate the waters during high tide in some areas or risk running aground. Pilots take into consideration the water level, width of channels and direction of the water flow to determine the best time to travel. Pilots may choose to travel when tides are at ebb in order to get tall loads under bridges.
      Tidal flows can also help or impede the progress of a ship in the water. Pilots can take advantage of the current to get the craft where it needs to go. A thorough understanding of how tides affect navigation and how to use the tides in navigation can improve the productivity of marine and inland shipping.

    Weather

    • Tides and tidal currents affect the weather by stirring the ocean waters. The tides and tidal currents mix arctic water that can't absorb lots of sunlight with warmer topic water that does. The stirring produces more predictable and habitable climate conditions and balances temperatures on the planet.

    Tidal Energy

    • Two high tides and two low tides occur during every 24-hour period. The predictability of the tides, fast movement of water during the inflow and outflow can provide a source of renewable energy to communities living along the coast. Hydroelectric plants can exploit the water flow in ways similar to those used on rivers.



Read more : http://www.ehow.com/info_7751713_importance-tides.htm

Monday, August 25, 2014

Civil Services Preliminary 2014 - General Studies Question Paper with Answer Key



The IAS Prelims General Studies Paper I conducted on 24 August 2014. Around Six to Eight Lakh Students have filled the form for IAS Prelims 2014. The anticipated number of Candidates appearing for this year is around 4 to 5 Lakhs due to the large number of Seats Notified and the relaxation in the age criteria notified by the Government and later by Union Public Service Commission.

The candidates can see the Question Paper of IAS Prelims 2014 here.


CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD ANSWER KEYS:
1.PAPER 1 
2.PAPER 2


Civil Services Preliminary 2014 Solution on 24 August,2014

GENERAL STUDIES PAPER 1

SERIES ‘A’


1.     What are the significance of a practical approach to sugarcane production known as ‘Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative?
1.     Seed cost is very low in this compared to the conventional method of cultivation.
2.     Drip irrigation can be practiced very effectively in this,
3.     There is no application of  chemical / inorganic fertilizers at all in this.
4.     The scope for inter-cropping is more in this compared to the conventional method of cultivation.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 3 only               (b) 1, 2 and 4 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only          (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans:- (b)

2.     If a wetland of international importance is brought under the ‘Montreux Record’, what does it imply?
(a)   Changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring or are likely to occur in the wetland as a result of human interference
(b)   The country in which the wetland is located should enact a law to prohibit any human activity within five kilometers from the edge of the wetland
(c)   The survival of the wetland of depends on the cultural practices and traditions of certain communities living in its vicinity and therefore the cultural diversity therein should not be destroyed
(d)   It is given the status of “World Heritage Site’
Ans. (a)

 3.     Which one of the following pairs of islands is separated from each other by the Ten Degree Channel?
(a)   Andaman and Nicobar
(b)   Nicobar and Sumatra
(c)   Maldives and Lakshadweep
(d)   Sumatra and Java
Ans:- (a)

4.     Consider the following pairs :

  Programme/Project                                             Ministry
1.     Drought-Prone                                   Ministry of Agriculture
Area Programme
2.     Desert Development         Ministry of Environment and Forests
Programme
3.     National Watershed                           Ministry of Rural
Development Project
for Rainfed Areas                                              Development


Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 2 only   (b) 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3          (d) None
Ans.(c)

 5.     With reference to Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), consider the following statements :
1.     It is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Environment and Forests.
2.     It strives to conserve nature through action-based research, education and public awareness.
3.     It organizes and conducts nature trails and camps for the general public.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only   (b) 1 only
(c) 2 and 3 only   (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans.(c)

6.     With reference to ‘Global Environment Facility’, which of the following statements is/are correct?
(a)   It serves as financial mechanism for ‘Convention on Biological Diversity’ and ‘United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’
(b)   It undertakes scientific research on environmental issues at global level
(c)   It is an agency under OECD to facilitate the transfer of technology and funds to underdeveloped countries with specific aim to protect their environment
(d)   Both (a) and (b)
Ans.(d)

7.     With reference to technologies for solar power production, consider the following statements :
1.     ‘Photovoltaics’ is a technology that generates electricity by direct conversion of light into electricity, while ‘Solar Thermal’ is a technology that utilizes the Sun’s rays to generate heat which is further used in electricity generation process.
2.     Photovoltaics generates Alternating Current (AC), while Solar Thermal generates Direct Current (DC).
3.     India has manufacturing base for Solar Thermal technology, but not for Photovoltaics.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only              (b) and 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3       (d) None
Ans.(c)

8.     Consider the following languages :
1. Gujarati
2. Kannada
3. Telugu
Which of the above has/have been declared as ‘Classical Language/Languages’ by the Government?
(a) 1 and 2 only   (b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only   (d) 1 2 and 3
Ans.(c)

9.     Consider the following pairs :
1.  Dampa Tiger Reserve              Mizoram
2.  Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary     Sikkim
3.  Saramati Peak                              Nagaland
Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only                  (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only    (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans.(c)

10.   With reference to a conservation organization called ‘Wetlands Inter-national’, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1.     It is an intergovernmental organization formed by the countries which are signatories to Ramsar Convention.
2.     It works at the field level to develop and mobilize knowledge, and use the practical experience to advocate for better policies.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only                    (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2     (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans.(b)

11.   With reference to a grouping of countries known as BRICS, consider the following statements :
1.     The First Summit of BRICS was held in Rio de Janeiro in 2009.
2.     South Africa was the last to join the BRICS grouping.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only                  (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2   (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans.(b)

12.   Consider the following diseases :
1. Diphtheria        2. Chickenpox
3. Smallpox
Which of the above diseases has/have been eradicated in India?
(a) 1 and 2 only   (b) 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3         (d) None
Ans.(b)

13.   Which of the following phenomena might have influenced the evolution of organisms?
1.     Continental drift
2.     Glacial cycles
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only                 (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2   (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans.(c)

14.   Other than poaching, what are the possible reasons for the decline in the population of Ganges River Dolphins?
1.     Construction of dams and barrages on rivers
2.     Increase in the population of crocodiles in rivers
3.     Getting trapped in fishing nets accidentally
4.     Use of synthetic fertilizers and other agricultural chemicals in crop-fields in the vicinity of rivers
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only   (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1,3 and 4 only            (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans.(c)

15.   The Radcliffe Committee was appointed to
(a)   solve the problem of minorities in India
(b)   give effect to the Independence Bill
(c)   delimit the boundaries between India and Pakistan
(d)   enquire into the riots in East Bengal
Ans.(c)

16.   Brominated flame retardants are used in many household products like mattresses and upholstery. Why is there some concern about their use?
1.     They are highly resistant to degradation in the environment.
2.     They are able to accumulate in humans and animals.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only                  (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2   (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans.(c)

17.   Consider the following
1. Bats                 2. Bears
3. Rodents
The phenomenon of hibernation can be observed in which of the above kinds of animals?
(a)   1 and 2 only
(b)   2 only
(c)   1, 2 and 3
(d)   Hibernation cannot be observed in any of the above
Ans.(c)
 
18.   Which one of the following is the largest Committee of the Parliament?
(a)   The Committee on Public Accounts
(b)   The Committee on Estimates
(c)   The Committee on Public Undertakings
(d)   The Committee on Petitions
Ans.(b)

19.   Which of the following adds/add carbon dioxide to the carbon cycle on the planet Earth?
1.     Volcanic action
2.     Respiration
3.     Photosynthesis
4.     Decay of organic matter
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 3 only                (b) 2 only
(c) 1, 2 and 4 only           (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans.(d)

20.   If you walk through countryside, you are likely to see some birds stalking alongside the cattle to seize the insects disturbed by their movement through grasses. Which of the following is/are such bird/birds?
1.     Painted Stork
2.     Common Myna
3.     Black-necked Crane
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2           (b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3           (d) 3 only
Ans.(c)

21.   In medieval India, the designations ‘Mahattara’ and ‘Pattakila’ were used for
(a)   military officers
(b)   village headmen
(c)   specialists in Vedic rituals
(d)   chiefs of craft guilds
Ans.(b)

22.   Lichens, which are capable of initiating ecological succession even on a bare rock, are actually a symbiotic association of
(a)   algae and bacteria
(b)   algae and fungi
(c)   bacteria and fungi
(d)   fungi and mosses
Ans.(b)

23.   If you travel through the Himalayas, you are likely to see which of the following plants naturally growing there?
1.     Oak
2.     Rhododendron
3.     Sandalwood
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only   (b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only   (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans.(d)

24.   Which of the following are some important pollutants released by steel industry in India?
1.     Oxides of sulphur
2.     Oxides of nitrogen
3.     Carbon monoxide
4.     Carbon dioxide
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1, 3 and 4 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans.(d)

25.   Which of the following Kingdoms were associated with the life of the Buddha?
1. Avanti              2. Gandhara
3. Kosala              4. Magadha
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1, 2 and 3       (b) 2 and
(c) 1, 3 and 4       (d) 1, 3 and 4
Ans.(d)

26.   Every year, a month long ecologically important campaign/festival is held during which certain communities/ tribes plant saplings of fruit-bearing trees. Which of the following are such communities/tribes?
(a)   Bhutia and Lepcha
(b)   Gond and Korku
(c)   Irula and Toda
(d)   Sahariya and Agariya
Ans.(b)

27.   The sales tax you pay while purchasing a toothpaste is a
(a)   tax imposed by the Central Government
(b)   tax imposed by the Central Government but collected by the State Government
(c)   tax imposed by the State Government but collected by the Central Government
(d)   tax imposed and collected by the State Government
Ans.(d) 

28.   What does venture capital mean?
(a)   A short-term capital provided to industries
(b)   A long-term start-up capital provided to new entrepreneurs
(c)   Funds provided to industries at times of incurring losses
(d)   Funds provided for replacement and renovation of industries
Ans.(b)

29.   The main objective of the 12th Five-Year Plan is
(a)   inclusive growth and poverty reduction
(b)   inclusive and growth sustainable
(c)   sustainable and inclusive growth to reduce unemployment
(d)   faster, sustainable and more inclusive growth
Ans.(d)

30.   With reference to Balance of Payments, which of the following constitutes/constitute the Current Account?
1.     Balance of trade
2.     Foreign assets
3.     Balance of invisibles
4.     Special Drawing Rights
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only             (b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3           (d) 1, 2 and 4
Ans.(c)

31.   The terms ‘Marginal Standing Facility Rate’ and ‘Net Demand and Time Liabilities’, sometimes appearing in news, are used in relation to
(a)   banking operations
(b)   communication networking
(c)   military strategies
(d)   supply and demand of agricultural products
Ans.(a)

32.   What is/are the facility/facilities the beneficiaries can get from the services of Business Correspondent (Bank Saathi) in branchless areas?
1.     It enables the beneficiaries to draw their subsidies and social security benefits in their villages.
2.     It enables the beneficiaries in the rural areas to make deposits and withdrawals.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only                 (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2   (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans.(c)

33.   In the context of Indian economy, which of the following is/are the purpose/purposes of ‘Statutory Reserve Requirements?
1.     To enable the Central Bank to control the amount of advances the banks can create
2.     To make the people’s deposits with banks safe and liquid
3.     To prevent the commercial banks from making excessive profits
4.     To force the banks to have sufficient vault cash to meet their day-to-day requirements
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only                (b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only   (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans.(b)

34.   Recently, a series of uprisings of people referred to as ‘Arab Spring’ originally started from
(a) Egypt              (b) Lebanon
(c) Syria               (d) Tunisia
Ans.(d)

35.   Consider the following countries :
1.     Denmark
2.     Japan
3.     Russian Federation
4.     United Kingdom
5.     United States of America
Which of the above are the members of the ‘Arctic Council?
(a) 1, 2 and 3       (b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1, 4 and 5       (d) 1, 3 and 5
Ans.(d)

36.   Consider the following pairs :
       Region often in news      Country
1.    Chechnya                                Russian
Federation
2.    Darfur                                          Mali
3.    Swat Valley                              Iraq
Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?
Ans.(a) 

37.   With reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1.     It is a surface-to-surface missile.
2.     It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.
3.     It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only                (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only   (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans.(a)

38.   With reference to two non-conventional energy sources called ‘coalbed methane’ and ‘shale gas’, consider the following statements :
1.     Coalbed methane is the pure methane gas extracted from coal seams, while shale gas is a mixture of propane and butane only that can be extracted from fine-grained sedimentary rocks.
2.     In India, abundant coalbed methane sources exist, but so far no shale gas sources have been found.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only             (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2   (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans.(a)

39.   With reference to ‘Changpa’ f community of India, consider the following statements:
1.     They live mainly in the State of Uttarakhand.
2.     They rear the Pashmina goats that yield a fine wool.
3.     They are kept in the category of Scheduled Tribes.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only             (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only             (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans.(b)

40.   In India, cluster bean (Guar) is traditionally used as a vegetable or animal feed, but recently the cultivation of this has assumed significance. Which one of the following statements is correct in this context?
(a)   The oil extracted from seeds is used in the manufacture of biodegradable plastics
(b)   The gum made from its seeds is used in the extraction of shale gas
(c)   The leaf extract of this plant has the properties of anti-histamines
(d)   It is a source of high quality biodiesel
Ans.(b) 

41.   Which of the following have coral reefs?
1.     Andaman and Nicobar Islands
2.     Gulf of Kachchh
3.     Gulf of Mannar
4.     Sunderbans
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) l, 2, 3 and 4
Ans.(a)

42.   In India, the problem of soil erosion is associated with which of the following?
1. Terrace cultivation
2. Deforestation
3. Tropical climate
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only   (b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only   (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans.(b)

43.   The seasonal reversal of winds is the typical characteristic of
(a)   Equatorial climate
(b)   Mediterranean climate
(c)   Monsoon climate
(d)   All of the above climates
Ans.(c)

44.   With reference to the cultural history of India, the term ‘Panchayatan’ refers to
(a)   an assembly of village elders
(b)   a religious sect
(c)   a style of temple construction
(d)   an administrative functionary
Ans.(c)

45.   Consider the following rivers :
1. Barak
2. Lohit
3. Subansiri
Which of the above flows/flow through Arunachal Pradesh?
(a) 1 only             (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only   (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans.(b)

46.   Consider the following pairs :
Wetlands of rivers                                                           Confluence
1.     Harike Wetlands                                           Confluence of Beas and  Satluj/Sutlej
2.     Keoladeo Ghana  National                    Confluence of Banas and Park Chambal
3.     Kolleru Lake                                                      Confluence of Musiand  Krishna
Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only             (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only   (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans.(a)

47.   Which one of the following pairs does not form part of the six systenis of Indian Philosophy?
(a)   Mimamsa and Vedanta
(b)   Nyaya and Vaisheshika
(c)   Lokayata and Kapalika
(d)   Sankhya and Yoga
Ans.(c)

 48.   Consider the following pairs :
Hills                                                   Region
1.   Cardamom Hills     Coromandel Coast
2.   Kaimur Hills                  Konkan Coast
3.   Mahadeo Hills              Central India
4.   Mikir Hills                    North-East India
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 2           (b) 1 and 3
(c) 3 and 4           (d) 2 and 4 1
Ans.(c)

49.   Which one of the following Schedules of the Constitution of India contains provisions regarding anti-defection?
(a) Second Schedule
(b) Fifth Schedule
(c) Eighth Schedule
(d) Tenth Schedule
Ans.(d)

50.   The most important strategy for the conservation of biodiversity together with traditional human life is the establishment of
(a)   biosphere reserves
(b)   botanical gardens
(c)   national parks
(d)   wildlife sanctuaries
Ans.(a)

51.   Turkey is located between
(a)   Black Sea and Caspian Sea
(b)   Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea
(c)   Gulf of Suez and Mediterranean Sea
(d)   Gulf of Aqaba and Dead Sea
Ans.(b)

52.   What is the correct sequence of occurrence of the following cities in South-East Asia as one proceeds from south to north?
1. Bangkok          2. Hanoi
3. Jakarta            4. Singapore
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 4-2-1-3           (b) 3-2-4-1
(b) 3-4-1-2           (d) 4-3-2-1
Ans.(c)

53.   The scientific view is that the increase in global temperature should not exceed 2°C above pre-industrial level. If the global temperature increases beyond 30C above the pre-industrial level, what can be its possible impact/impacts on the world?
1.     Terrestrial biosphere tends toward a net carbon source.
2.     Widespread coral mortality will occur.
3.     All the global wetlands will permanently disappear.
4.     Cultivation of cereals will not be possible anywhere in the world.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only                     (b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only           (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans.(b)

54.   The national motto of India, ‘Satyameva Jayate’ inscribed below the Emblem of India is taken from
(a) Katha Upanishad
(b) Chandogya Upanishad
(c) Aitareya Upanishad
(d) Mundaka Upanishad
Ans.(d)

55.   In the Constitution of India, promotion of international peace and security is included in the
(a)   Preamble to the Constitution
(b)   Directive Principles of State
(c)   Fundamental Duties
(d)   Ninth Schedule
Ans.(b)

56.   What are the benefits of implementing the ‘Integrated Watershed Development Programme?
1.     Prevention of soil runoff
2.     Linking the country’s perennial rivers with seasonal rivers
3.     Rainwater harvesting and recharge of groundwater table
4.     Regeneration of natural vegetation
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only   (b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 3 and 4 only   (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans.(c)

57.   Which of the following are associated with Planning’ in India?
1.     The Finance Commission
2.     The National Development Council
3.     The Union Ministry of Rural Development
4.     The Union Ministry of Urban Development
5.     The Parliament
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1, 2 and 5 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Ans.(c)

58.   Which of the following is/are the \ /function/functions of the Cabinet Secretariat?
1.     Preparation of agenda for Cabinet Meetings
2.     Secretarial assistance to Cabinet Committees
3.     Allocation of financial resources to the Ministries
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only                 (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 2 only   (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans.(c)

59.   Consider the following statements :
A Constitutional Government is one which
1.     places effective restrictions on individual liberty in the interest of State Authority
2.     places effective restrictions on the Authority of the State in the interest of individual liberty
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only                 (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2   (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans.(c)

60.   Which of the following are the discretionary powers given to the Governor of a State?
1.     Sending a report to the President of India for imposing the President’s rule
2.     Appointing the Ministers
3.     Reserving certain bills passed by the State Legislature for consideration of the President of India
4.     Making the rules to conduct the business of the State Government
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only               (b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only           (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans.(b)

61.   If the interest rate is decreased in an economy, it will
(a)   decrease the consumption expenditure in the economy
(b)   increase the tax collection of the Government
(c)   increase the investment expenditure in the economy
(d)   increase the total savings in the economy
Ans.(b)

62.   Consider the following statements :
1.     The President shall make rules for the more convenient transaction of the business of the Government of India, and for the allocation among Ministers of the said business.
2.     All executive actions of the Government of India shall be expressed to be taken in the name of the Prime Minister.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only                  (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2   (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans.(d)

63.   Consider the following statements regarding a No-Confidence Motion in India:
1.     There is no mention of a No-Confidence Motion in the Constitution of India.
2.     A Motion of No-Confidence can be introduced in the Lok Sabha only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only             (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2   (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans.(b)

64.   With reference to Neem tree, consider the following statements :
1.     Neem oil can be used as a pesticide to control the proliferation of some species of insects and mites.
2.     Neem seeds are used in the manufacture of biofuels and hospital detergents.
3.     Neem oil has applications in pharmaceutical industry.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only   (b) 3 only
(c) I and 3 only    (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans.(c)

65.   Which one of the following is the process involved in photosynthesis?
(a)   Potential energy is released to form free energy
(b)   Free energy is converted into potential energy and stored
(c)   Food is oxidized to release carbon dioxide and water
(d)   Oxygen is taken, and carbon dioxide and water vapour are given out
Ans.(b)

66.   In addition to fingerprint scanning, which of the following can be used in the biornetric identification of a person?
1.     Iris scanning
2.     Retinal scanning
3.     Voice recognition
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only             (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only   (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans.(d)

67.   Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding vegetative propagation of plants?
1.     Vegetative propagation produces clonal population.
2.     Vegetative propagation helps in eliminating the virus.
3.     Vegetative propagation can be practiced most of the year.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only             (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only   (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans.(c)

68.   Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?
Spacecraft                                                                        Purpose
1.     Cassini Huygens Earth                Orbiting the Venus and                                                                                                      transmitting data to the
2.     Messenger investigating          Mapping and  the Mercury
3.     Voyager 1 and 2                               Exploring the outer solar system
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only             (b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only   (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans.(b)

69.   Consider the following pairs :
        Region                Well-known for the production of
1. Kinnaur                Areca nut
2. Mewat                   Mango
3. Coromandel     Soya bean
Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 2 only           (b) 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3       (d) None
Ans.(d) 

70.   Which of the following is/are the exam pie/examples of chemical change?
1.     Crystallization of sodium chloride
2.     Melting of ice
3.     Souring of milk
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only   (b) 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3       (d) None
Ans.(b)

71.   The power of the Supreme Court of India to decide disputes between the Centre and the States falls under its
(a)   advisory jurisdiction
(b)   appellate jurisdiction
(c)   original jurisdiction s
(d)   writ jurisdiction
Ans.(c)

72.   Consider the following techniques/ phenomena :
1.     Budding and grafting in fruit plants
2.     Cytoplasmic male sterility
3.     Gene silencing
Which of the above is/are used to create transgenic crops?
(a) only                (b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3           (d) None
Ans.(c)

73.   Consider the following statements :
1.     Maize can be used for the production of starch.
2.     Oil extracted from maize can be a feedstock for biodiesel.
3.     Alcoholic beverages can be produced by using maize.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only             (b) and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only   (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans.(d) 

74.   Among the following organisms, which one does not belong to the class of other three?
(a) Crab               (b) Mite
(c) Scorpion         (d) Spider
Ans.(b)

75.   The power to increase the number of judges in the Supreme Court of India is vested in
(a)   the President of India
(b)   the Parliament
(c)   the Chief Justice of India
(d)   the Law Commission
Ans.(b)

76.   Consider the following towns of India :
1.     Bhadrachalam
2.     Chanderi
3.     Kancheepuram
4.     Karnal
Which of the above are famous for the production sarees/fabric?
(a) 1 and 2 only   (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3       (d) 1, 3 and 4
Ans.(b)

77.   Consider the following pairs :
National Highway             Cities connected
1. NH 4                                  Chennai and Hyderabad
2. NH 6                                   Mumbai and Kolkata
3. NH 15                            Ahmedabad and Jodhpur
Which of the above pairs is/are correctly,, matched?
(a) 1 and 2 only   (b) 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3       (d) None
Ans.(d)

78.   Consider the following international agreements :
1.     The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
2.     The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
3.     The World Heritage Convention
Which of the above has/have a bearing on the biodiversity?
(a) 1 and 2 only   (b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only           (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans.(d)

79.   Consider the following statements regarding ‘Earth Hour’ :
1.     It is an initiative of UNEP and UNESCO.
2.     It is a movement in which the participants switch off the lights for one hour on a certain day every year.
3.     It is a movement to raise the awareness about the climate change and the need to save the planet.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only   (b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only   (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans.(c)

80.   Which one of the following is the correct sequence of a food chain?
(a)   Diatoms-Crustaceans-Herrings
(b)   Crustaceans-Diatoms-Herrings
(c)   Diatoms-Herrings-Crustaceans
(d)   Crustaceans-Herrings-Diatoms
Ans.(a)

81.   The Partition of Bengal made by Lord Curzon in 1905 lasted until
(a)   the First World War when Indian troops were needed by the British and the partition was ended
(b)   King George V abrogated Curzon’s Act at the Royal Durbar in Delhi in 1911
(c)   Gandhiji launched his Civil Disobedience Movement
(d)   the Partition of India in 1947 when East Bengal became East Pakistan
Ans.(b)

82.   The 1929 Session of Indian National Congress is of significance in the history of the Freedom Movement because the
(a)   attainment of Self-Government was declared as the objective of the Congress
(b)   attainment of Poorna Swaraj was adopted as the goal of the Congress
(c)   Non-Cooperation Movement was launched
(d) decision to participate in the Round Table Conference in London was taken
Ans.(b)

83.   With reference to the famous Sattriya dance, consider the following statements :
1.     Sattriya is a combination of music, dance and drama.
2.     It is a centuries-old living tradition of Vaishnavites of Assam.
3.     It is based on classical Ragas and Talas of devotional songs composed by Tulsidas, Kabir and Mirabai.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only             (b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only   (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans.(b)

84.   Chaitra 1 of the national calendar based on the Saka Era corresponds to which one of the following dates of the Gregorian calendar in a normal year of 365 days?
(a)   22nd March (or 21st March)
(b)   15th May (or 16th May)
(c)   31st March (or 30th March)
(d)   21st April (or 20th April)
Ans.(a)

85.   With reference to the Indian history of art and culture, consider the following pairs :
Famous work of sculpture                                                                            Site
1.  A grand image of Mahaparinirvana with                                   Ajanta
numerous celestial musicians above and the
sorrowful figures of his followers below
2.  A huge image of Varaha Avatar (boar incarnation)       Mount Abu
of Vishnu, as he rescues Goddess Earth from the
deep and chaotic waters, sculpted on rock
3. “Arjuna’s Penance” “Descent  of Ganga”                    Mamallapuram
sculpted on the surface of huge boulders
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans.(c)

86. The Ghadar (Ghadar) was a
(a)   revolutionary association of Indians with headquarters at San Francisco
(b)   nationalist organization operating from Singapore
(c)   militant organization with headquarters at Berlin
(d)   communist movement for India’s freedom with headquarters at Tashkent
Ans.(a)

87.   With reference to India’s culture and tradition, what is ‘Kalaripayattu?
(a)   It is an ancient Bhakti cult of Shaivism still prevalent in some parts of South India
(b)   It is an ancient style bronze and brasswork still found in southern part of Coromandel area
(c)   It is an ancient form of dance-drama and a living tradition in the northern part of Malabar
(d)   It is an ancient martial art and a living tradition-in some parts of South India
Ans.(d)

88.   Consider the following pairs :
1.      Garba                    :       Gujarat
2.      Mohiniattam    :       Odisha
3.      Yakshagana    :       Karnataka
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a)   1 only                       (b) 2 and 3 only
(c)   1 and 3 only         (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans.(c)

89.   With reference to Buddhist history, tradition and culture in Intiia, consider the following pairs :
Famous shrine                                 Location
1.  Tabo monastery                    Spiti Valley
and temple complex
2. Lhotsava Lhakhang         Zanskar Valley
temple, Nako
3. Alchi temple complex            Ladakh
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only                     (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only        (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans.(a)

90.   Consider the following statements :
1.     ‘Bijak’ is a composition of the teachings of Saint Dadu Dayal,
2.     The Philosophy of Pushti Marg was propounded by Madhvacharya.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only                 (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2   (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans.(d)

91.   A community of people called Manganiyars is well-known for their
(a)   martial arts in North-East India
(b)   musical tradition in North-West India
(c)   classical vocal music in South India
(d)   pietra dura tradition in Central India
Ans.(b)

92.   What was/were the object /objects of Queen Victoria’s Proclamation (1858)?
1.     To disclaim any intention to annex Indian States
2.     To place the Indian administration under the British Crown
3.     To regulate East India Company’s trade with India
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only   (b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only   (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans.(a)

93.   Ibadat Khana at Fatehpur Sikri was
(a)   the mosque for the use of Royal Family
(b)   Akbar’s private prayer chamber
(c)   the hall in which Akbar held discussions with scholars of various religions
(d)   the room in which the nobles belonging to different religions gathered to discuss religious affairs
Ans.(c)

94.   In the context of food and nutritional security of India, enhancing the ‘Seed Replacement Rates’ of various crops helps in achieving the food production targets of the future. But what is/are the constraint/ constraints in its wider/greater implementation?
1.     There is no National Seeds Policy in place.
2.     There is no participation of private sector seed companies in the supply of quality seeds of vegetables and planting materials of horticultural crops.
3.     There is a demand-supply gap regarding quality seeds in case of low value and high volume crops.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2           (b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3           (d) None
Ans.(b)

95.   With reference to ‘Eco- Sensitive Zones’, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1.     Eco-Sensitive Zones are the areas that are declared under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
2.     The purpose of the declaration of Eco-Sensitive Zones is to prohibit all kinds of human activities in those zones except agriculture.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only                  (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2   (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans.(d)

96.   Consider the following statements :
1.     Animal Welfare Board of India is established under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
2.     National Tiger Conservation Authority is a statutory body.
3.     National Ganga River Basin Authority is chaired by the Prime Minister.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only             (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only             (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans.(b)

97.   Consider the following pairs :
Vitamin                       Deficiency disease
1. Vitamin C         :           Scurvy
2. Vitamin D         :           Rickets
3. Vitamin E         :           Night blindness
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 2 only   (b) 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3          (d) None
Ans.(a)

98.   There is some concern regarding the nano particles of some chemical elements that are used by the industry in the manufacture of various products. Why?
1.     They can accumulate in the environment, and contaminate water and soil,
2.     They can enter the food chains.
3.     They can trigger the production of free radicals.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only   (b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only   (d) 1,2 and 3
Ans.(d)

99.   Which of the following organizations brings out the publication known as ‘World Economic Outlook?
(a)   The International Monetary Fund
(b)   The United Nations Development Programme
(c)   World Economic Forum
(d)   The World Bank
Ans.(a)

100. With reference to Union Budget, which of the following is/are covered under Non-Plan Expenditure?
1.     Defence expenditure
2.     Interest payments
3.     Salaries and pensions
4.     Subsidies
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only               (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2, 3 and 4   (d) None
Ans.(c)